Purpose: To compare MACULAR THICKNESS in children with functional amblyopia and those without amblyopia using optical coherence tomography (OCT).Methods: This case‑control study was conducted on 93 children aged 3–10 years including 44 cases with unilateral amblyopia and 49 subjects without amblyopia. Amblyopic eyes were considered as the case group and their fellow eyes as internal controls; eyes of non‑amblyopic children served as the external control.MACULAR THICKNESS of all eyes were measured by optical coherence tomography in the center (foveola), 1 mm ring (fovea), and 3 and 6 mm rings and compared.Results: Although MACULAR THICKNESS was generally not different between the study groups, there was a significant difference in central MACULAR THICKNESS between eyes with moderate to severe amblyopia and the external controls (P=0.037). Foveal THICKNESS difference exceeding 10 microns between fellow eyes was detected in a larger number of amblyopic children as compared to non‑amblyopic controls (P=0.002). Mean foveal THICKNESS was greater in boys (P=0.037) but there was no significant difference in foveal THICKNESS among various types of refractive errors.Conclusion: Although there was no significant relationship between MACULAR THICKNESS and amblyopia, foveolar THICKNESS in eyes with moderate to severe amblyopia was significantly greater than the external controls. Further studies with more cases of moderate to severe amblyopia are recommended.

Purpose: To assess postoperative changes in central retinal THICKNESS (RT) following trabeculectomy and combined phaco-trabeculectomy using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography. Methods: In a prospective interventional comparative study, 64 consecutive glaucoma patients who underwent trabeculectomy (32 eyes) or phaco-trabeculectomy (32 eyes) were included. A MACULAR THICKNESS map using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study circles of 1 mm, 3 mm, and 6 mm was the standard to evaluate the 9-subfield THICKNESS preoperatively and again at 1 and 3 months after surgery. Four subfields in each of the 3 mm and 6 mm rings were considered parafoveal and perifoveal regions, respectively. Results: Preoperative measurements were similar in the two groups, except patients in the combined group which were older (P = 0. 002). The mean RT in the combined phaco-trabeculectomy group at month 1 was significantly higher than baseline measurements at central subfield retinal THICKNESS (CSRT) (P = 0. 01), temporal (P = 0. 001), and inferior (P = 0. 04) parafoveal and temporal (P = 0. 01), superior (P = 0. 02), and nasal (P < 0. 001) perifoveal quadrants,however, RT changes in the trabeculectomy-only group were not statistically significant at months 1 and 3 (P > 0. 05). The increase in the temporal perifoveal RT of the combined phaco-trabeculectomy group persisted at month 3 (P = 0. 01), while the RT in other sectors returned to preoperative values. The two treatment groups did not differ in terms of changes in the CSRT over time (P = 0. 37). In addition, no difference was observed between the treatment groups regarding the parafoveal RTs at each time points (0. 06 ≤,P ≤,0. 29). Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the pattern of changes of CSRT and parafoveal RT between trabeculectomy and combined phaco-trabeculectomy treatment groups up to 3 months after surgery. Some detectable increase in RT in the combined phaco-trabeculectomy will reverse to baseline values 3 months after surgery, except in the temporal perifoveal region.

Purpose: Cirrus optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides high resolution cross‑ sectional images of the retina, vitreous humor, and optic nerve head with an axial resolution of 5 µ m and a reproducibility of 1. 6 µ m. An integrated normative database is available only for adult subjects ≥ 18 years of age; the normal reference ranges of the MACULAR THICKNESSes of pediatric subjects are not available. The purpose of this study was to determine the normal reference range of MACULAR THICKNESS of pediatric. Methods: A total of 340 eyes of 170 children 5‑ 17 years of age were recruited for this study. Participants received a full ophthalmic examination including a vision assessment, cycloplegic refraction, fundus examination, intraocular pressure measurement, assessment of ocular motility, and alignment. MACULAR THICKNESS measurements were obtained through dilated pupils using Cirrus HD‑ OCT. Results: The mean MACULAR THICKNESS was 114. 88 ± 14. 74 in the right eye and 113. 99 ± 15. 62 in the left eye (P = 0. 589). On further evaluation, MACULAR THICKNESS was highest in the inner macula, followed by the outer macula and central fovea (P < 0. 001). Conclusion: The normative data of MACULAR THICKNESS in pediatric subjects 5‑ 17 years of age will help diagnose MACULAR disorders.

Purpose: To report a case of Alport syndrome presenting with bilateral giant full-THICKNESS MACULAR holes, hypertensive chorioretinopathy, and exudative retinal detachment. Case Report: A 20 year-old man, a known case of Alport syndrome on hemodialysis, was referred to our clinic with bilateral vision loss initiated about 10 years prior to presentation, which exacerbated in the month prior to our visit. Bilateral large full-THICKNESS MACULAR holes, hypertensive chorioretinopathy, and exudative retinal detachment were detected in fundus examination. The patient had previous genetic counseling confirming the diagnosis of Alport syndrome. During follow-up, MACULAR holes were covered with a thick epiretinal membrane and visual acuity decreased progressively in two weeks. Pars plana vitrectomy was performed in the right eye. Two weeks following surgery, the MACULAR hole was closed and visual acuity improved significantly. Conclusion: Bilateral giant full-THICKNESS MACULAR holes are uncommon presentations of Alport syndrome. The retinal findings may be caused by an inefficient type IV collagen presenting in the Bruch’s membrane and in the internal limiting membrane. Pars plana vitrectomy can be considered to repair MACULAR holes in these patients.

Purpose: One of the major causes of visual acuity loss in diabetic patients is diabetic MACULAR edema (DME). Best-corrected visual acuity and central MACULAR THICKNESS changes are considered as two main outcomes in diabetic MACULAR patients. The goal of this study was to compare the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab injection alone or combined with triamcinolone versus MACULAR photocoagulation as primary treatment for diabetic MACULAR edema according to the clinical trial data sets.Methods: A new method was proposed to determine the best treatment for DME; i.e. intravitreal bevacizumab injection alone or combined with triamcinolone versus MACULAR photocoagulation using asymmetric mixed modeling based on the recorded data in 97 diabetic patients. Effect of these treatments was investigated according to simultaneous investigation of visual acuity and central MACULAR THICKNESS as two major outcomes without omitting any outlier.Results: The results of bivariate asymmetric mixed model revealed that intravitreal bevacizumab injection alone or combined with Triamcinolone treatments had more therapeutic effect than the MACULAR photocoagulation in terms of increasing visual acuity and decreasing central MACULAR THICKNESS in patients with DME.Conclusion: Using asymmetric bivariate mixed model, there was a significant difference among the treatment modalities, duration of diabetes and gender in terms of visual acuity and central MACULAR THICKNESS.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide on visual acuity and MACULAR THICKNESS using optical coherence tomography in MACULAR edema associated with nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO).Design: A prospective interventional case series.Patients & Methods: Twenty eyes of 25 patients with nonischemic CRVO and MACULAR edema with visual acuity of less than or equal to OA logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) received 4 mg intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide after baseline examination which included measurement of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and intraocular pressure, slit lamp examination, fluoresce in angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) of macula. The main outcome measures were visual acuity after 1, 3, 6, and 9 months and 1-mm central MACULAR THICKNESS change at 3 months after injection.Results: Mean duration of symptoms before injection was (83.72±57.60 days). Mean visual acuity significantly improved from baseline 1.34±0.71 (20/400) to 0.67±0.42 (20/100), P=0.000, 0.61±0.42 (20/80), P=0.000, and 0.90±0.62 (20/160), P=0.004, at 1, 3, 6 months, respectively, but decreased to 1.43±0.76 (20/600), P=0.188 at 9 months. A 42.85% reduction observed in mean baseline 1-mm central MACULAR THICKNESS 634.36±212.70 mm to (362.56±199.63 mm, P=0.000) at 3 months.Conclusion: Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide can significantly be effective in reducing MACULAR edema and improving visual acuity in nonischemic CRVO at least in short term but it is necessary to investigate the risks and benefits of this option with a control group.

Purpose: To evaluate diurnal variations in intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal THICKNESS (CCT), and MACULAR and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) THICKNESS in diabetic patients and normal individuals.Methods: This study included 11 diabetic patients with MACULAR edema and 11 healthy individuals. IOP, CCT, and MACULAR and RNFL THICKNESS were measured every 3 hours on a single day between 9 AM and 6 PM. Diurnal variations in IOP, CCT, total MACULAR volume (TMV), central MACULAR THICKNESS (CMT), average MACULAR THICKNESS (AMT), and RNFL THICKNESS were measured.Results: None of the parameters showed a significant absolute or relative change over the course of the day. However, the following non‑significant changes were observed. In the control group, all parameters demonstrated the highest values at 9 AM. The lowest IOP, TMV and AMT occurred at 12 PM; lowest CCT and RNFL at 6 PM; and the lowest CMT at 3 PM. Diabetic subjects had the highest values of RNFL, CMT and TMV at 9 AM, and that for IOP, CCT and AMT at 6 PM. The lowest RNFL and CMT values occurred at 6 PM; lowest IOP at 12 PM; and the lowest CCT, TMV and AMT were observed at 3 PM. In the diabetic group, TMV, CMT, AMT and CCT were significantly higher and RNFL was significantly lower than the control group at all time points (allP- values<0.05).Conclusion: While there were slight decreases in IOP, RNFL THICKNESS and CMT during the day, these changes were not significant between 9 AM and 6 PM and probably do not affect the interpretation of measurements.

Purpose: Presence of diabetes in glaucoma patients may influence findings while documenting the progression of glaucoma. We conducted the study to compare individual and combined effects of diabetes and glaucoma on MACULAR THICKNESS and ganglion cell complex THICKNESS. Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional analysis of 172 eyes of 114 individuals. The groups were categorized according to the following conditions: glaucoma, diabetes mellitus, both glaucoma and diabetes (‘both’ group), and none of these conditions (‘none’ group). Patients with diabetes did not have diabetic retinopathy (DR). We compared retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) THICKNESS, ganglion cell complex (GCC) THICKNESS, foveal loss of volume (FLV), and global loss of volume (GLV) among the groups. We used random effects multivariate analysis to adjust for potential confounders. Results: The mean (SD) age of these individuals was 60. 7 (10. 1) years. The total average RNFL and GCC were significantly lower in the glaucoma group (RNFL: –36. 27, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: –42. 79 to –29. 74,P < 0. 05, and GCC: –26. 24, 95% CI: –31. 49 to –20. 98,P < 0. 05) and the ‘both’ group (RNFL: –24. 74, 95% CI: –32. 84 to –16. 63,P < 0. 05, and GCC: –17. 92, 95% CI: –24. 58 to –11. 26,P < 0. 05) as compared with the ‘none’ group. There were no significant differences in the average RNFL values and total average GCC between the diabetes group and the ‘none’ group. The values of FLV and GLV were significantly higher in the ‘glaucoma’ group and the ‘both’ group as compared with the ‘none’ group. The foveal values were not significantly different across these four groups. Among the glaucoma cases, 25% were mild, 30% were moderate, and 45% were severe,there was no significant difference in the proportion of severity of glaucoma between the ‘glaucoma only’ and ‘both’ groups (P = 0. 32). After adjusting for severity and type of glaucoma, there were no statistically significant differences in the values of average RNFL (6. 6, 95% CI: –1. 9 to 15. 2,P = 0. 13), total average GCC (3. 6,-95% CI: –2. 4 to 9. 6,P = 0. 24), and GLV (–3. 9, 95% CI: –9. 5 to 1. 6,P = 0. 16) in the ‘both group’ as compared with the glaucoma only group. Conclusion: We found that diabetes with no DR did not significantly affect the retinal parameters in patients with glaucoma. Thus, it is less likely that THICKNESS of these parameters will be overestimated in patients with glaucoma who have concurrent diabetes without retinopathy.